I am not an expert on the Middle East, but I think I have read enough about it over the years to form a useful opinion about America's aims and involvements there over the last quarter century.
The predominant view of the Bush II Administration was that American military intervention in semi-developed countries could bring about favorable changes which would enhance and augment our political and economic interests, while ushering in Western style regimes.
This view now seems discredited, if indeed it ever had any validity. From an historical perspective, the nations of the Near East, including Saudi Arabia, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Iran, as well as those in the areas known as Afghanistan and Pakistan, were late arrivals to the family of world nations. They did not have a "tradition" of a unified government, nor of any practical sense of institutionalized democratic processes. During the 20th Century, much of the undeveloped Third World leap-frogged intermediate stages of nationalistic evolution and blossomed into florid monarchies or brutal dictatorships; this process continues today.
The notion that populations, often living in relatively backward conditions, heavily informed with religious doctrine, divided by sectarian and ethnic fragmentation, could be brutally forced into the modern Western parliamentary paradigm of parties, elections, term limits and voluntary participation, is one that ignores centuries of continuity. Equatorial societies historically have not shown much predisposition towards open institutions. Attempts to foster the creation of such systems have typically failed.
George Bush II was often quoted as saying that he saw no reason why Iraq couldn't be transformed easily into a "democracy"--once America had gutted their existing political framework, and "persuaded" the population with high-tech fire-power to adopt our suggested model. I suspect that the chances of anything like that occurring within the next century and a half, on the outside, to be non-existent.
Iraq, as well as Afghanistan and Pakistan, are not fertile breeding-ground for democracy. They have no tradition of it, and all their religious and social institutions are inimical to it. Each has a long history of periodic violent conflict, and there is little evidence that they are capable of abandoning this pattern.
It is unlikely that Iraq will coalesce into an organized, civilized, peaceful nation, once American military presence is removed. I believe this would be true, no matter how much longer we maintain a significant presence there. In other words, I do not believe that Iraq would have any greater likelihood of a peaceful future, if America were to maintain a military presence there for another year, or five years, or ten years. Within 6 months of our departure--whenever that finally occurs--Iraq will inevitably fall into sectarian/civilian strife, resulting in open warfare, and the likely installation of an autocratic religious regime.
Afghanistan and Pakistan have somewhat different histories, but I see no greater chance that democracy will "flourish" there than in Iraq. Moreover, these nations present vastly more challenging tactical military complications, which would make the prosecution of a stalemated state of temporary truce even more difficult to achieve than in Iraq. Even if we were able to reach this fragile condition, the likelihood that it could be "set up" to run on its own, after we had left, seems nil.
Vietnam taught us, or should have, that we cannot suppress an indigenous population indefinitely, without eventually wearing out our welcome, no matter how altruistic our aims, or how determined we are to prevail. Neither "surgical" military adventures, nor all-out campaigns, have proven to be effective in furthering our political or diplomatic objectives.
In the long run, it is better to avoid intervening militarily in these countries. It is no proof of our will or valor to insist that the measure of our commitment must always be a show of force. It is often more difficult NOT to act, than to act with insolence and arrogance, touting patriotism and difficult necessity as justification. As chaotic and cruel as these societies often seem to us, we are not in a position to alter the course of their development without inflicting undue harm on them, and ourselves in the process. The final outcome of our Iraq adventure may turn out to have been catastrophic, if as I expect (and may possibly even live to see) that nation will experience decades more of civil war and tens of thousands of needless casualties, as a direct result of our having forcefully removed their profane dictator.
America now stands on the verge of re-committing a large force to Afghanistan and/or the "tribal areas" of Northwest Pakistan (with, or without apparently the consent of our proxy regime there), in order to "stabilize" or "neutralize" the regional factions which threaten to retake control of those areas. This would compound our problems in all three of these nations, and would be unlikely to succeed. Further, it would likely encourage more terrorist sentiment among those populations, than already exists there.
I would like to see a complete withdrawal of our forces from Iraq, Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia at the earliest possible opportunity. When we left Vietnam, "with honor" as the Nixon regime claimed, no one had the audacity then to assert that we had accomplished anything there after 10 years of struggle and 58000 lives lost and 350,000 casualties. Whatever the losses are when we do withdraw militarily from the Middle East, these losses will all have been in vain, just as they were in Vietnam.
Our leaders have learned nothing from history, and continue to repeat the mistakes of their predecessors.
6 comments:
Japan worked, Germany worked. We freed the French, we freed the Italians, we saved Europe, along with the Brits.
Vietnam: It's just that the left fought so hard at home for the communists abroad that we couldn't win. People like Bill Ayers were setting bombs, and many others were such communist sympathizers that they didn't want us to win in Vietnam. The right of self-determination was never anything that could have happened in Vietnam. The people were living in huts in the Stone Age, and it was either us or the communists, neither one of which was indigenous. Our communist student movements allied with their government, in order to cancel the war, or cause so much trouble that it wasn't worth it.
Which sealed that country's fate over the last forty years to one of economic stagnation.
Now many of those same people would like to make our own country over into one much like Vietnam. Obama's mentor Frank was a communist who wanted us out of Vietnam. Ultimately, Obama will find some way to acknowledge his mentor, and cave in, I think.
Nationalizing industry, nationalizing everything, until nothing works any longer, and Christianity is driven from the nation, in favor of the hammer and sickle.
Wars cost plenty. At Gettysburg 5000 northerners died every hour at the peak of the battle. We haven't lost that many in all the years in Iraq, but the communists still think the cost is too high.
If you compare South Korea -- with its thriving capitalist economy, its powerful universities, to North Korea, you have some inkling of the difference between capitalism and communism, and some sense of what the left consigned Vietnam to when they marched in the streets of this country so certain they were right.
They were wrong.
Communism is always wrong.
If only we could undo all that, and get Vietnam into the column of liberal democracies! It's not too late for Afghanistan and Iraq!
The biggest problem in our foreign policy has been a lack of respect for history. All nations are not alike, and each situation must be understood on its own terms, not through the lens of an overriding ideological program. Fascist, and Communist, regimes are alike in seeing everything in terms of their own narrow definition of history and policy. But it's also a mistake to assume that all "Communist" states will behave in the same way, for the same reasons. Russia overran Eastern Europe and Central Asia not because they wanted to spread the "good word" of their espoused ideology. They wanted a "buffer" between Western states, and they wanted to exploit these countries for their own gain. Nothing particularly "communistic" about that.
China, North Korea, Vietnam. Each presents a unique example.
With respect to our behavior on the post-colonial world stage: Each region presents differently. There are occasions in which our military power might do some good; others in which it wouldn't. We can see in retrospect that Vietnam was a failure, not because we lacked the will, but because we had set up a puppet proxy regime more corrupt than the Communists in the North. The Viet Cong had the support of the people. We ended up fighting the whole country, instead of just an "insurgent."
Today, Vietnam is a peaceful nation, with whom we have relaxed, amicable relations. It is not like North Korea, not like China, not like Argentina, not like Venezuela.
Iraq and Afghanistan will never be democracies--at least as we understand that word. Certainly not in our lifetimes.
Finally, we need to admit that there are no "best" choices in these situations. Saddam Hussein was "better" than what we now are stuck with. Does that seem immoral? Very likely. But foreign policy is based on pragmatism, not Boy Scout logic. We make compromises with bad guys and reluctantly betray good guys. That's the way the world works. We would rather Putin wasn't running Russia, but we have to work with him.
We wish the Taliban wasn't in control of Afghanistan, but sooner or later, we'll have to live with that outcome.
The quicker we admit the reality of our situation in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan, the sooner we'll be able to address our own needs (security, economic prosperity). We can't "fix" these countries--even if that were possible, the cost is simply too high.
"They were wrong.
Communism is always wrong.
If only we could undo all that, and get Vietnam into the column of liberal democracies! It's not too late for Afghanistan and Iraq!"
The world isn't a huge chessboard with countries in one column or another. Alliances and relationships are made through expediency, not for moral reasons.
"Liberal democracy" won't flourish in some countries. Not because "we're" wrong, or "they're" wrong, but because circumstances and contexts are different. 30 years ago, the book on China was that it was a rigid, totalitarian, monolithic entity, leading its people into despair. But today, China leads the world in manufacturing, and soon it will pass the U.S. in consumption and GDP. What will China look like in 30 more years?
I have no idea. But it seems certain that whatever we thought about China as a "typical" Communist state, won't be of much use in understanding and dealing with it in the future. The same could be said of Russia.
There are certain aspects that are true for every country. Every country has pride; it is jealous of its reputation, its power, its standing in the world. If you step on a country, as if it were a troublesome bug, you can't expect it to respect you.
The era of colonialism is over. Get used to it.
There are two basic economic systems: socialist and capitalist.
I don't think that there are any others.
Every country has to choose which one is better, and since there are only two choices, you necessarily affiliate with the countries that have made the same choice that your own country has made.
(I don't know where to put a country like Afghanistan under the Taliban. Their productivity seemed to be linked only to growing longer beards.)
In the same way, Americans are not really able to just choose any leader. We have two great rugby scrums -- the Democrats and the Republicans. You choose one of these two, or else throw your vote to the wind.
We have to choose from what is available, on a personal basis, just as countries do, on an international basis.
Socialism works so long as it is voted in, but once it chooses a dictator for life, it no longer works.
Same goes for capitalism.
If it stops working, something else gets voted in.
Even though we don't really choose a system when we vote, we do get to choose from two parties.
Under Saddam Hussein, votes didn't matter.
Under the Taliban, votes didn't matter.
In Vietnam today, votes don't matter.
In North Korea, votes don't matter.
In Zimbabwe, perhaps the vote did matter, some years after the election the opposition finally got the prime minister position.
In Japan under Hirohito, the vote didn't matter, and the people suffered. Now of course that we've rewritten their constitution, Japan has enjoyed an enormous surge in terms of quality of life.
Under A. Hitler, Germany suffered, and became insufferable for all its neighbors. We crushed the Nazi regime, and put in a Democratic system (on our side of the border), and the people were once more able to thrive.
Locke predicted all of this in his Second Treatise of Government in which he argues for four UNIVERSAL qualities of a good government. They are those that protect:
Life
Liberty
Health and
Property
Of the citizens.
Those that actively attack these properties (as Saddam did, or as the Taliban did, or as they did in Iran) are evil governments, that deserve to be knocked off.
Locke's right.
These are universal and self-evident rights. We may not be able to tell the thuggish regimes of Iran and N. Korea this, but if their people could speak, and could choose, they would gladly choose Locke over anything else.
It's the best viewpoint-blind system.
Thanks a lot for your comment on my blog today. It made my day. We used to argue so much, but at least we are now having more productive arguments!
It is folly to compare the defeat of Nazi Germany, and Japan, with our military adventures in Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan, and our subtle incursions in Greece, Cuba, South American, Africa, and the former Yugoslavia. We've been largely unsuccessful in implementing a strategy designed to fend of socialistic tendencies around the world. We've used up untold resources trying to effect an outcome that was simply beyond our control.
Kirby, your old domino theory and bi-furcated two choice political system theology is so tired. No one, not even the neo-Cons, believes it any more. The CEO speech in the movie Network very neatly summarizes it: The hegemony of the corporations.
Money runs the world. Sometimes it's openly crooked, as in Russia, sometimes it's covertly corrupt, as in our country.
Our government has been selling us out now for at least two generations. Our standard of living, and our economic, military and diplomatic standing in the world are all on the decline. It isn't because Allen Ginsberg wanted to seduce little boys, it's because a few greedy men manipulated the course of our governance to satisfy the desires of big capital. Communism, in its first manifestation, was primarily a DESCRIPTION of a problem. It didn't offer a sensible ALTERNATIVE to the evils of unbridled Capitalism.
Capital must be contained within limits. Our present predicament is the result of not having sufficient oversight. We need to get back to that. It doesn't require moving mountains; we just need the courage to stand up and make these bankers and brokers and corporate boards play fair, and not screw the citizens. It isn't about redistribution of income. It isn't about the welfare state. It isn't about immorality.
It's about whether a few people can be allowed to screw everyone else.
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